The governments of the republics consist of a president or prime minister (or both) and a regional or legislative council. The heads of the executive of the lower courts are called governors or heads of administration. In general, the executive organs in jurisdictions other than the central government republics were more benevolent, and the legislative branch (called soviets until the end of 1993, then called dumas or assemblies) was the center of separatist sentiment. Under his power in 1991 to appoint the heads of territories, oblasts, autonomous regions and autonomous oblasts, Yeltsin had appointed virtually the sixty-six leaders of these courts. On the other hand, the presidents of the republics have been elected by the people since 1992. Some of Yeltsin`s appointees faced strong opposition from their legislators; In 1992 and 1993, votes of no confidence sometimes led to popular elections for the post of Chief Executive. In 2008, Putin was forced to resign from the Russian presidency because the country`s constitution only allowed him to serve two consecutive terms. He became prime minister again until he was allowed to run for president again in 2012. Between 2008 and 2012, it was widely believed that although another person served as president, the real power remained in Putin`s hands. In 2012, Putin won the presidential election again. He then had the constitution amended to add two more years to his four-year term, allowing him to remain president until 2018, when he was then elected for a second term.
Thus, he can remain in power until 2024. However, some believe he will try to change the constitution so that he can govern beyond the end of his second consecutive term. Many cases handled by the administrative authorities of European countries continue to be politically influenced in Russia. Russia`s Constitutional Court was reconvened in March 1995 after being suspended by President Yeltsin during the October 1993 constitutional crisis. The 1993 Constitution empowers the court to settle disputes between the executive and legislative branches, as well as between Moscow and regional and local governments. The Court also has the power to rule on violations of constitutional rights, to consider appeals by various bodies, and to participate in impeachment proceedings against the President. The Constitutional Tribunal Act of July 1994 prohibits the Court from examining cases of its own motion and limits the scope of cases before it. From 29. In December 2021, all foreigners working in Russia will have to undergo regular comprehensive health checks, including tests for sexually transmitted diseases and chest X-rays. The health examination also concerns family members, including children from 6 years old.
You will also need to submit your fingerprints and other biometrics. The first checks must be carried out within 30 days of your arrival in Russia. The new rules also apply to people holding Highly Qualified Specialist (HQS) visas. The procedure and contact details of service providers in Moscow are available on the official website of the Moscow government (accessible in Russian only in Russia). Check with your employers for the latest requirements. But as Putin expanded his power, Russia`s membership in the Council of Europe proved to have a positive influence on the rule of law in Russia. Referring to this second „window“ on Russia, Kahn said: „I think history will show that the Council of Europe has done more to advance the rule of law in Russia than any other institution, political circumstance or individual actor.“ By allowing Russia to join its club, the Council of Europe ran the risk that Russia`s non-compliance with Council standards would damage the institution`s credibility. Another source of burden was Russia`s workload for the European Court of Human Rights – Russia now accounts for more than 20% of the court`s list. Kahn stressed that his description of notable reforms in the code reflects what is written, not what is on the ground in practice. „There are still generations of police, prosecutors, judges and defense lawyers trained under the old regime,“ Kahn warned. But while older generations have resisted reforms, they are increasingly being replaced by a new cadre of young professionals. Peter I (1682-1725) fought many wars and built an already huge empire into a great power in Europe.
During his reign, he moved the Russian capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg, which was largely built according to the plans of the Western world; He also led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval socio-political customs with a modern, scientific, rationalist and Western-oriented system. Catherine the Great (1762-1796) ushered in a golden age: she expanded the Russian state through conquest, colonization and diplomacy, while continuing Peter I`s policy of modernization towards a Western model. Alexander I (1801-1825) played an important role in crushing Napoleon`s militarist ambitions and founding the Holy Alliance, which aimed to stem the rise of secularism and liberalism throughout Europe. The Russian Empire continued to expand west, south and east, while establishing itself as one of the most powerful European powers. Its victories in the Russo-Turkish Wars were later slowed by defeat in the Crimean War (1853–1856), which led to a period of reform and further expansion in Central Asia. [8] Alexander II (1855-1881) initiated many reforms, including the emancipation of the 23 million serfs in 1861. Its official policy included the responsibility of the Russian Empire for the protection of Eastern Orthodox Christians living in the regions of Europe under Ottoman rule; This was a factor that later led to Russia`s entry into World War I on the side of the Allied Powers against the Central Powers. In 1903, at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in London, the party split into two wings: the gradualist Mensheviks and the more radical Bolsheviks. The Mensheviks believed that the Russian working class was not sufficiently developed and that socialism could be achieved only after a period of bourgeois-democratic rule. They therefore tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism.
The Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin supported the idea of forming a small elite of professional revolutionaries subject to strong party discipline to function as the vanguard of the proletariat to seize power by force. [64] The average allocation in Kherson was only 0.36 hectares (0.90 acres), and for allocations of 1.2 to 2.3 hectares (2.9 to 5.8 acres), farmers paid 5 to 10 rubles in withdrawal tax. The state peasants fared better; But they also emigrated en masse. Only in the steppe was the situation more optimistic. In Ukraine, where allowances were personal (the Mir existed only among state peasants), the situation was no better due to high withdrawal taxes. In the western provinces, where land was valued cheaper after the Polish uprising and plots were somewhat expanded, the situation was better.
